The Ancient Spartans Had a Murderous Secret Police

If 300 taught us anything, its that the Spartans were a hardy and courageous group. But they werent the nicest to their own people, punishing young people brutally for infractions, and even utilizing the youth as a secret service! Meet the krypteia, a sort of Hitler Youth of Sparta. When a Training Procedure Goes Really,  Really Wrong According to ancient sources, the krypteia were as vicious as they came. Its members were chosen for their discretion and probably their hardiness, intelligence, and resourcefulness. As Plato has Megillus recount in his  Laws,  Spartan youths underwent training, widely prevalent amongst us, in hardy endurance of pain in the form of beatings, but it was the krypteia that was the most brutal of all. That kind of work was a wonderfully severe training. So what was their deal? Apparently, the idea for the krypteia mightve come from the  laws of Lycurgus,  the king of Spartan legalese; his reforms were, according to  Plutarch,  efficacious in producing valour, but defective in producing righteousness.   Writes Plutarch: I certainly cannot ascribe to Lycurgus so abominable a measure as the ‘krypteia,’ judging of his character from his mildness and justice in all other instances. Over time, the krypteia  evolved  from a form of uber-advanced fitness training to a sort-of-secret  guerrilla  force. The group appears to have had some representation in the mainstream Spartan army, as well; in Plutarchs  Cleomenes, a fellow named Damocles is given the title of commander of the secret service contingent. But  Damoteles doesnt get  the greatest rep - he was bribed to betray his own people to  the enemy - and the people he represented seem to have been even worse. The organization of the krypteia seems to have been in direct opposition to the regular hoplites in  the Spartan army, as if the very way it was set up made it different of special. The hoplites were organized, fought in a phalanx, and worked as a team; in contrast, the krypteia fought in secret, went out in  irregular groups and missions, and stayed away from Sparta proper, working and living on  the frontier. The Bad,  the Worst, and the  Really Ugly As Plutarch tells it, the Spartan leaders would periodically send the young men of the krypteia out into the country at large. What for, you might ask? The young soldiers would hide themselves until they came across groups of people called helots.  At night, they came down into the highways and killed every Helot whom they caught. Even during the day, the krypteia massacred  the helots working in the fields. The  Ephors, the leaders of Sparta, made formal declaration of war upon the helots, in order that there might be no impiety in slaying them. Perhaps, as some scholars have theorized, serving in the krypteia allows soldiers to practice stealth and cunning .But what the krypteia did was basically state-sanctioned massacre! Who were the helots? Why did the Spartan magistrates commission their young warriors to kill them? The helots were serfs owned by the Spartan state, basically slaves; the Roman historian Livy claims that they were a race of rustics, who have been feudal vassals even from the earliest times.  The krypteia was a force the government utilized to keep the helots in their place,  according  to Brandon D. Ross.  Aristotle discusses the helots in his  Politics, saying that the mere necessity of policing a serf class is an irksome burden. What freedoms do you give them? How much leeway  should  they get? he asks. The relationship between the Spartans and the helots was fractious at best. Once upon a time, the people of Spartan-ruled Messenia and the helots revolted against the Lacedaemonian lords. They took  advantage of the chaos that ensued after the earthquakes of 464 B.C., but that didnt work, and the Spartans kept up their cruel treatment.   How else did the Spartans torture the helots? Heres our pal Plutarch: For instance, they would force them to drink too much strong wine, and then introduce them into their public messes, to show the young men what a thing drunkenness was. They also ordered them to sing songs and dance dances that were low and ridiculous, but to let the nobler kind alone. The Spartan torture of the Helots wasnt a one-time thing. On one occasion, Livy recounts how, being charged with an intention to desert, they were driven with stripes through all the streets, and put to death. Another time, two thousand helots mysteriously disappeared in a possible act of genocide; then, on a different occasion, a bunch of helots were suppliants at the minor Temple of Poseidon Taenarius, but were seized from that sacred spot. That kind of sacrilege - violating the sanctuary of a temple - was as awful as it got; the right of asylum was a truly valued one. Shame on Sparta!

Women Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement - 2163 Words

Women organizers in the Civil Rights movement (1950s-1960s) Women have always been regarded as key parental figure in raising and developing children in the society. During the period of 1950 to 1970, many parts of the world were marred with civil rights movement. The movements were characterized with protests and civil resistance complaining about discrimination economic and political self sufficiency. Women took up the initiative to participate in these movements. This situation later led to serious confrontation between government authorities and activists. Thousands of people took part in the civil right movement of that period especially in the United States. The key leaders of the campaign, include; Martin Luther King,†¦show more content†¦She is believed to have started the main struggle of these civil rights movement. She experienced difficulty in completing her education due to the strict regulations for the black children. The black children were meant to study for only five moths in a year and the rest of the year th ey spent time in the cotton fields as laborers. Rosa graduated from high school after she got married to Raymond parks[7]. This sparked her efforts to fight racial injustice. She joined National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery chapter as the only woman. She was very instrumental member of this organization and was elected secretary. Her active involvement in National Association of Advanced Colored People led to her arrest on 1955[8]. Rosa’s life as an African American continued to face challenges. The mistreatment she received from the whites while she was in a bus made her to launch a huge boycott of using Montgomery buses by the Afro-Americans. She decided to organize this boycott after she got arrested for refusing to give out her seat to a white passenger in the bus. The boycott lasted for 381 days prompting her to be absorbed by the Montgomery Improvement Association which was formed by Martin Luther King Jr[9]. This act of boycott was follo wed by a series of escalating protest, movements and insurgencies by African Americans. During the time for boycott Rosa coordinated for the blacks to get rides from car poolShow MoreRelatedWomen Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement2170 Words   |  9 PagesWomen organizers in the Civil Rights movement (1950s-1960s) Women have always been regarded as key parental figure in raising and developing children in the society. During the period of 1950 to 1970, many parts of the world were marred with civil rights movement. The movements were characterized with protests and civil resistance complaining about discrimination economic and political self sufficiency. Women took up the initiative to participate in these movements. This situation laterRead MoreEssay On Martha Prescod Norman Noonan1515 Words   |  7 PagesNonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) during the Civil Rights Movement. Noonan’s most notable achievements include raising money for SNCC, canvassing votes with the Albany Project, working on the Alabama Project, and contributing to Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Account by Women in SNCC. Biographical Information Martha Prescod Norman Noonan was born on February 25, 1945 in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of activists (Civil Rights History Project). Noonan’s father, who is of West-IndianRead MoreGrace Kirby. Trahan. English 8. 3/22/17. Elizabeth Cady904 Words   |  4 PagesFight for Women’s Rights In the early 1800 s women were expected to stay in the home and care for the children. They were not allowed to vote or own property. The women were also expected to care for their husband’s needs. 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To say the fight for black civil rights was a grassroots movement of ordinary people who accomplishedRead MoreWhat Was the Story Behind Mississippi Burning?755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mississippi civil rights workers murders involved the 1964 lynching of three political activists during the American Civil Rights Movement. The murders of James Chaney, a 21-year-old black man from Meridian, Mississippi; Andrew Goodman, a 20-year-old white Jewish anthropology student from New York; and Michael Schwerner, a 24-year-old white Jewish CORE organizer and former social worker also from New York, symbolized the risks of participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South duringRead MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Sixties Counterculture1532 Words   |  7 Pagessixties counterculture movement were successful at awakening awareness on many causes that are being fought in modern American discourse. If not for the Revolution that the hippies began, political or social reform and the Peoples voice would be decades behind. While the hippie movement has subsided, as it became too cool and entrenched in mainstream society, the spirit of the Hippies lives on, as their work was only the framework for decades of reform to come. Civil Rights The work that hippiesRead MoreAngela Davis and Feminism Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesactivist/ organizer, author, professor, and scholar who defends any form of oppression. She was born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, AL to Frank and Sally Davie. Both of her parents are graduates of historically black colleges. Her father attended St. Augustine’s College in Raleigh, North Carolina and became a high school teacher. Sally Davis attended Mile College in Birmingham, AL and became an elementary school teacher. Angela Davis’ mother was heavily involved in civil rights movement in the 1960sRead MoreSummary Of The Warmth Of Other Suns 1223 Words   |  5 Pagesposition to a white counterpart. In Made in LA, the filmmaker documents the strike organizers home life and experiences in the sweatshop, their reason for participating in the sweatshop strike, and how the three year-long strike affected their lives and perspectives. Maura, one of the sweatshop workers and organizers, left her children in El Salvador whom she had not seen for over fifteen years. Another organizer, Maria, left Mexico and faced domestic abuse in her marriage, by the end of the strikeRead MoreFrederick Douglass And The Fight For Women s Suffrage1357 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that women too were people and deserved all of the rights a man was given. He believed this because black men were previously apart from the equality of all men, and they too should be apart in gaining this equality for all. 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Barbara buyer memo Free Essays

I was told about the details of your situation. I am aware that you want to bring a lawsuit against Sam salesperson and the seller. I have done some research and gathered the following information for you. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbara buyer memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ethical issues involved in your situation include violation of full disclosure, unfair practices, and breech of contract. Sam Salesperson failed to disclose to the seller that you requested an extension of the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson Intentionally let time lapse to void your contract in order to accept a higher offer. There are several causes of action in your case. You may bring action against the seller and Sam Salesperson based on a breach of contract. Because you had an agreement with the seller. There was a lack of communication between the salesperson and seller. There are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not Intending to let the timeline for the earnest payment lapse. You also have grounds for negligent misrepresentation based on a breach of fiduciary duty to you. You may request that the judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and seller before the higher offer was discovered. You had a contract agreement with the leer to purchase real estate which was breached when the seller accepted the higher offer. You also had a contract with the salesperson which was breached when you failed to pay the earnest money by the deadline. Even though Sam salesperson failed to notify the seller of your request for extension you are the one who breached the contract since there was never a stipulation extending the time for you to pay. A contract is created at law when there is a mutual exchange of promises upon reasonably understandable terms and conditions. A contract does not have to be reduced to writing in order to be enforceable† (ass) http://www. Us. Deed/counsel/ brief/contractions. HTML Remedies: You may request damages which would be measured by the difference in the price stated in your contract to buy the re al estate and the price of the higher price it was sold for. Rescission and restitution in order to cancel the contract with the subsequent buyer and pay restitution as punitive damages for time lost. Elements of a contract: Offer, acceptance, and consideration. The breach of contract is when one party Involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract provided. RE-28-1 101 . Dunes to Client A. A licensee owes a fiduciary duty to the client and shall protect and promote the client’s Interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a transaction. Barbara buyer memo By fruitychick2000 the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson intentionally are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not intending to let the the Judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract provided. RE-28-1101. Dunes to Client client’s interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a How to cite Barbara buyer memo, Papers

Play in Learning Environments

Question: Discuss about the Play in Learning Environments. Answer: When asked to recall personal memories of play I remember many of these moments shared were mostly with my younger brothers and sisters. Wickerius and Sandberg (2006) studies found that many persons childhood play memories are those remembered playing with siblings rather than individual play. Media can also influence play (Sandberg and Vuorinen, 2008) our old Volkswagen (Herbie) which we named from the movie, a memory related to our time spent at Granddads farm. I engaged in adult role play (Bruce, 1996) because I put my seatbelt on pretending to drive while making vehicle sounds, turning the steering wheel and pressing on the horn. Opportunities for play are significantly dependent on the social, cultural, pedagogical and physical environment (Sandberg, 2003). When our father purchased a new investment property, it became a time for new exploration and searching through materials which the previous occupants had left behind. I always had an abundance of timber off cuts used to construct cubby houses, benches and anything else we could invent. Living with the weather conditions at Brisbane allowed for many opportunities to include water in our play.I remember making mud pies developing my understanding of the adult world (Tuan, 1978) because I was pretending that I was cooking like my mother. My favourite memory of all was being covered in mud from the mud fights shared with my brothers and sister, see figure 1. Figure 1: Mud fights with my brothers and sister In the segment, I intend to identify and analyze the theories and relate them with the play experience of the childhood setting. In the book by Fleer, the author Marilyn Fleer adumbrates and explains the history of play in international context and in nascent education period. As indicated by Marilyn Fleer (2013), the concept play is tantamount to early childhood education. Based on the foundational research conducted in laboratories, the comprehension of children learning developed with ease. By tracing the roots of our practices, early childhood education gives us an impetus to explore the influences that that have contoured our practice. At the same time, it helps us to assess the current stance. Theories With the help of the classical theories of play, the existing position shall be reviewed. In the book, Play Memories and Place Identity, by Anette Sandberg (2003), the author inspects and elucidates the significance of the physical regions under different arenas of life. The book juxtaposes the place identity with the importance of childhoods play. Relating to the theory, the fond memory that I have shared with my siblings (refer to the figure above) helps to mould my life. The theory suggests that the childhood play memory is instrumental in shaping the adult life. Sociocultural Influence Early scholars aim to consider the learning of children through play. In order to underscore learning from the perspective of play, it is indispensable to become an excellent observer of play. While observing play, it is important to consider varied aspects that influence the reading. It is important to capitalize on certain questions while deliberating on the study of childrens play. At the same time, one should make an outline of sociocultural teaching and learning philosophy. Relating to that context, it is significant to comprehend the profundity of Vygotskys Sociocultural-Historical theory. The theory puts an emphasis on the development of children (Smagorinsky, 2011). The theory aims to study the play of children as formenting concepts. It also analyzes the role of children in the socio-cultural setting. As indicated by my reflective essay, the socio-cultural setting of Brisbane (the place mentioned in the essay) gives me an opportunity to explore innate playing skills. At the same time, it helps me to build some essential traits that made me incredibly energetic and dynamic. Learning Environment The segment discusses the influence of learning environment on the study of childrens play. The crux of the matter is how does the environment bolster learning? It is essential to comprehend the changing dynamic between theory and environment. As far as the teaching-learning relationship is concerned, listening forms the basis of teaching-learning nexus that emphasises teaching (Strong-Wilson et al., 2007). The time is an important aspect, inasmuch it influences the complex play episodes. Time is essential, as it helps to formulate the play schedule and gives an enthralling insight into the adventure. In my reflective essay, I have mentioned about my play story with my siblings. The play started to begin in the sultry months of summer, as I had used an amalgam of mud and water during play. Therefore, environment influences the teaching-learning nexus, as far as childhood play is concerned. Reference Fleer, M. (2013). Play in the early years. Cambridge University Press. Sandberg, A. (2003). Play memories and place identity. Early child development and care, 173(2-3), 207-221. Smagorinsky, P. (2011). Vygotsky's stage theory: The psychology of art and the actor under the direction of perezhivanie. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 18(4), 319-341. Strong-Wilson, T. Ellis, J. (2007). Children and Place: Reggio Emilia's Environment as Third Teacher, Theory Into Practice, 46(1), 4047

Marketing Case free essay sample

Under the Umbrella positioning our target customers are Indian middle class families currently owning 2-wheelers for 4-5 person commuting and graduating youngsters for whom Anna would appeal as a stylish alternative while still maintaining invulnerability and affordability of a 2-wheeler. India is a developing economy with a rapidly growing segment of middle class consumers that aspires for a car ownership.The Indian auto industry is projected to grow ATA 17% annually with an automobile production of 1 1 MN in 2008-09. Out of this 75% are 2 wheeler owners which we believe is a very good potential market for Anna. We will utilize our strong reputation and long standing relationships to co-liaise with suppliers for inventing this light weight car. By continuing to position our brand as for the people and high-quality, marketing will remain consistent through dealerships.Business objectives for the Anna Nikkei Lexis High technology and small size defined the advent Of Anna ( which means small in Guajarati ) in the Indian auto market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The prefix is also originally derived from the Greek voodoo, meaning dwarf (a Anna = ION-9 in the metric system). Data with this product entered a blue ocean market, the business strategy highly motivated by the Collaborative marketing strategy defined by what customers need to make a better life. Our sales goal for Data Anna in its first year of launch is 1. 46 MN Nanas. Anna should launch 50000 Nanas precooked) initially limited by the plant production capacity and selling on a rolling basis with the set-up of the new plant at Sand, Gujarat Automobile production Type of Vehicle 2008-09 Market share Comments Passenger vehicle 1,838,593 16% Indict was behind Marti 800 (leader in passenger vehicles) Commercial vehicle 41 6,870 4% Data was the leader Three wheelers 497,020 Potential to tap this market for taxi conversions Two wheelers 75% Very good potential market for Anna Total 11,172,275 100% With an initial investment of 3* 1500 scores INNER Data aliased with 100 different appliers to get a starting production capacity of 1 MN (350,000 Nanas from new plant built in Singer, West Bengal and 2 additional plants with similar capacity). They shifted to a new site at Sand, Gujarat due to protests from farmers on claiming their land and also set up a temporary manufacture site at HTML Pentagon. Capacity of this plant was only 50000 Nanas.Market for Data An na Andrew Expanding middle class= 5%in 2005, 19% in 2015, Anna launched in 2009, can take a an average of 12% as the potential middle class 1. 1 Bin*12% (middle class)* (12/1 000 car ownership) = 1. Mann potential car owners Segment Description Main competitor models -Price range (INNER) Entry level hatchback Marti 800 200,000 Alto Hatchback Indict 300,000 Honda motorcycles/Scooters/Mopeds Switch rate from other cars would be very less. New users would buy Anna as opposed to Marti 800/Alto/Tv;uh wheeler (1 7% growth rate * 1. Mann 270,000 new car owners) Switch rate from two wheelers ( {17% growth rate *8. 419 MN new users+ 8. Man old users} *20% switchers= 1,970,230) Nanas market share 20% from Marti + 10% from its own share = 30% * 81 000 Nanas market share from two wheelers= 70% (due to lower cost) * . Man -?1. Man 81000+ 1. Man -?1. Man Potential Economic risks and challenges- Safety and quality issues arising due to reduction in costs associated with manufacturing. But Indian suppliers saw it as an opportunity to expand their own operations and the goodwill amongst the society for Data helped the cause. Rather than improving life for the masses it would do harm by putting millions more passenger cars on Indians already congested roads poorly maintained roads increasing air pollution at odds with tats green initiative Target market AndrewIntroduce STEP framework, continues into positioning statement We can include the company, consumer and competitors (ACS) here in this question: Company history Consumer : Segmentation (age/demographics/income) price elasticity Competitors-substitutes (scooters/taxis/authoritarians in India), competitors (cheaper than Marti,Zen, smaller cars) Positioning and rationale Our official position statement for the Data Anna is the following: To middle class Indian individuals, the Data Anna is the worlds cheapest car that promises a safe and reliable way of transportation, based on the Data Groups instancing reputatio n of being trustworthy and having strong ethics. Based on all the research and development that has gone into making it a light and affordable car, the Anna offers an added value to the two sub-groups of aspiring car owners we identified: 1 . To Indian middle class families, the Anna provides safety, reliability, space and comfort 2.To young individuals going up the hierarchy ladder or graduating, the Anna represents a stylish alternative while still maintaining invulnerability and affordability of a 2-wheeler. Owning a car is also often considered a token of status in India. Note that individuals within these two groups might either use public transportation or own motorcycles. These two sub-groups do not look for technology and innovation, but rather practical solutions and convenience. We therefore target the late majority and laggards in Rorers Diffusion Curve. Another reason to believe in the cars success consists in that the Anna is the car potential buyers didnt know they needed, between the motorbike and the small passenger car, which sets it apart in prospects view.According to Levitys Product Augmentation framework, the Anna represents an augmented product when compared to 2-wheelers, and therefore exceeds expectations (stables for extra safety, roof for poor weather conditions and space for luggage storing or extra passengers), providing customer delight. As the most affordable car in the country/world, it the best alternative for every individual that has a WET (willingness to pay) equal or higher than 1 lake. To sum up, the Anna offers superior service at an affordable price, which is the very essence of value proposition (see our proposed STEP strategic planning below). In order to explain the rationale of our recommendation and prove why we insider it superior to other potential positioning alternatives, lees have a look at the ups. The product, Data Anna, is according to the Group the cheapest car in the world, without having the image of being cheap, therefore avoiding having a negative perception from potential consumers. Keeping reliability, safety and quality remains credible as Data Motors already has experience in the automobile industry, with the production of passenger- cars since 1991 and representing 16. 45% of market-share (notably thanks to the visibility of the Indict). Therefore, and in terms of pricing, the Anna indubitably needs to adopt a penetration strategy (high SOME share of available addressable market share) due its low cost, which means low margin in absolute value.Pricing the Anna at less than half the price of its main competitor, the Suzuki Marti, while offering similar features and quality (see Exhibit 4 of the given case), is a strong differentiator. In terms of place, Data Motors plan to produce the Anna in the Sand plant, and make it available nationwide through the companys 214 dealerships. This guarantees proximity to potential customers at least in urban areas. Data was also thinking about contracting with entrepreneurial engineers in order to reach rural areas, which is something we would not recommend as quality would in this case be unreliable, which contradicts our positioning statement. In addition, most Indians with a high enough WET for a Anna are located in urban areas, therefore limiting potential profits (at least for now) in rural Indian.We will develop our ideas regarding promotion and distribution in the following section. Implications on distribution (selling channels) and promotion (marketing communications): Mark Positioning Targeted at growing middle class (Disposable income RSI 200,000 to 1 million, growth from 5% to 1 up to 41% in 2025), with a median age of 25 year olds in Indian. Character of consumers: while spending increases (1 7% for transportation in 2005, equating to 85,000 to 1 70,000 RSI), absolute values of income stay low equating to savvy consumers that desire value Competition: Will need to compete for coll ege aged value seekers, in both motorcycle and entry level hatchback segments.

The Affects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle in Older Humans essays

The Affects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle in Older Humans essays With the onset of 2000, the average North Americans life span has been extended by three years. The predictable consequences are detrimental changes in body composition, including loss of lean body mass, strength, flexibility, and bone density, along with the increase in body weight and body fat. Inactivity with aging is the primary factor in these changes, because physical activity levels are one of the most important factors affecting body composition from childhood through old age. (Adams, K., OShea, P., Shea, K. 1999) Our knowledge of the affects of aging on fatigability, endurance, the ability to maintain force and power output is limited, and the few studies that have been performed are inconclusive. It is therefore important to assess these areas to give a more detailed account of muscle fatigue, endurance, and contractibility of aging humans. The results of the studies could prove beneficial in helping to prepare older humans to overcome and enhance his or her ability to live an independent lifestyle. With advancing age, muscle volume is reduced, and the aging atrophy, referred to as sarcopenia is accompanied by a decrease in muscle strength. The reduction in muscle strength seems to be equal for both sexes, but women are generally weaker than men throughout all ages. (Lindstrom, B., Lexell, J., Gerdle, B., Since gait pattern also changes with age, especially in women, older individuals have an increased risk of falls and hip fractures. However, both arm and leg muscles in aging men and women can adapt successfully to increased use, in particular following periods of heavy resistance training. Physical exercise is therefore, considered beneficial in reducing the risk of muscle atrophy among older humans. (Linstrom, et al., 1997) It has been suggested that once strength declines below certain threshold levels required for activities of daily living, significant f...

Business Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Communication - Coursework Example In an email situation, long supporting arguments appear as rambling to the recipient, which leads to loss of interest. The writer uses a casual tone in describing his daughter’s reaction in an official email. Use of a casual tone in official emails undermines the importance of the email to the recipients. Since the writer needs the recipients to make a supportive decision, using the daughter’s reaction is not advisable in this form of writing. At some point in the email, the writer discusses the daughter’s opinion on the main subject of the email, which is inappropriate in email writing. In a persuasive email, the recipients care about the opinion of the sender not what other people think about the opinion. The writer’s arguments should be on his own thoughts and ideas as opposed to those of his daughter. The writer uses poor grammar in communicating to the recipient. In professional arrangements, use of proficient grammar attracts the recipient to pay attention to the rest of the letter. Since the letter is an official document, the language used should be correct and free of simple mistakes such as poor prepositional use. The writer fails to appreciate the recipient despite the fact that the writer is asking for a favor. The latter puts the writer in a negative standing with the recipient. At some point in the letter, the writer states that, â€Å"I heard that you made a good presentation at your local chapter in Los Angeles recently, I think you gave a talk called ‘Avoiding the seven capital sins in food service’ or something like that. Whatever it was I’m sure we would like to hear a similar presentation† (Guffrey, 2010).The quoted statement is unappreciative and rude and such statements are wrong when asking for favors. The writer also fails to acknowledge that the recipient is helping and attempts to attract the recipient by suggesting the

Long term Care in USA vs. Europe and East Asia Essay

Long term Care in USA vs. Europe and East Asia - Essay Example The major limitation associated with this informal arrangement of long term care provision by the USA is that there is no uniformity in the manner in which the frail, disabled and the individuals with chronic illnesses are attended to. Thus, those who are dependent on private long term care insurance and out-of-pocket spending eventually end up missing on quality long term care, considering that their resources are easily depleted, to a point where they can no longer be able to cater for such medical and non-medical needs of the deserving individuals (Saltman, Dubois & Chawla, 2006). It is against this background that the U.S. Congress is assessing the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Act, with a view to establishing a formal program through which uniform long term care can be offered in the USA (Campbell, Ikegami & Gibson, 2010). According to the data released by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in 2008, Medicaid accounted for 71% of the long term care services that were provided in the USA, while out-of-pocket spending followed at 18% and finally private long term care insurance at 7% (Harris-Kojetin, Sengupta, Park-Lee, Valverde, 2013). These statistics indicate that the only individuals who benefit from long term care in the USA are those capable of meeting the expenses through out-of-pocket paying, joining private long term care insurance or enrolling for the Medicaid plan. This leaves out the bulky of the frail, disabled and the deserving dependent senior citizens in the USA without the access of long term care services. This is contrary to the situation in Europe, where countries such as Germany, Norway and Denmark have a formalized program for supporting long term care for all the deserving citizens, without causing them to deplete their resources (Saltman, Dubois & Chawla, 2006). Additionally, long term care services in some of the East Asian countries such as

Campaign of Underground Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Campaign of Underground Workers - Essay Example According to Kaufman (2004), industrial relations have three faces which include science building, problem solving and the ethical face. Science building involves understanding the employment relationship and its institutions. Problem solving entails designing policies to and institutions so as to enhance the relationship while ethical face is concerned with the principles of employment relationship. In any relationship, there are bound to be conflicts hence in the employment relationship, conflicts are inevitable and it is the role of management to devise ways of ensuring they are dealt with in an appropriate manner to avoid consequences such as strikes and lock-outs. There are three management perspectives regarding conflicts in organizations. The unitarist perspective views conflict as irrational and illegitimate hence does not recognize the role of unions. The pluralist perspective recognizes the existence of different interests among stakeholders hence conflict is inevitable. Th e radicalist perspective, on the other hand, is f the view that conflict in organizations is as a result of inequalities in income and wealth distribution hence recognizes different forms of eliminating or reducing conflict (Kaufman, 2004). The system of management thus determines the king of employment relationship in the workplace; some organizations are unionisable while others prefer a direct relationship with employees as it is a management prerogative. Poor industrial relations can lead to industrial action in the form of strikes, lock-outs, walkouts among others and may hinder organization efficiency and productivity. The paper will discuss the effect of strike action on employment relationship with reference to London underground workers campaigns during the 1990s. To understand industrial relations in Britain and the effects of strike actions on employment relationship, it is important to understand the historical evolution of industrial relations in Britain. Edward (2003a) acknowledges that industrial relations in Britain began as early as 1920s followed by personnel management practices and later human resource management in 1980s. The IR thus has undergone various transformations shaped by social, political and economic factors. British IR was voluntarism in nature guided by free-market principles; an organization can decide to unionize staff though collective organizations and uniting in strike action was regarded as a restraint to the free market therefore, those found guilty of conspiracy were liable to fines, imprisonment, and deportation (Hyman, 2003). Contrary to practices in other countries, in Britain there was no right to strike or to organize in an attempt to make demands to the management, only immunities were available in some areas. The immunities were also contradictory in nature as they gave employees power which in reality was limited by equal entitlements to the employer. For example, employees were free to join unions but the mana gement was also free to dismiss anyone for joining the union. Collective bargaining was allowed but the management had the discretion to decide which issues to negotiate and which ones to refuse. The employees were also in breach of their employment contracts if they engaged in strike action but at the same time, it was lawful to call a strike. The employers were also reluctant and unwilling to

Service Concept Profiling And The Servqual Model

Service Concept Profiling And The Servqual Model In this assignment I am going to conduct a critique of the following service management ideas, theories, concepts and techniques; specifically with reference to their purpose, application and limitations and with regard to how these service management ideas, theories and techniques may contribute to the development of a successful business: Service concept, Service concept profiling and The SERVQUAL model. Service concept purpose, The service concept has been defined variously throughout the years, Haskett (1986), defines it as the way in which the organisation would like to have its service perceived by its customers, employees, shareholders and lenders, i.e. the organisations business proposition. It has also been defined as the elements of the service care package, this is related to what Collier (1994) named it as customers benefit package, i.e. the things that provide benefit and value to the customer. Another definition of a service concept states that a service concept identifies the proposed nature of the business; it is the service in mind that the organisation wishes to create. The service concept helps the organisation focus on the value that it can provide to customers.(Robert Johnston Graham Clark, 2008, p 461). Application A service concept can be broken down in to three stages, firstly the organising idea, this is the essence of the service bought, or used, by the customer. Secondly, the service experience, this is the customers direct experience of the service process which concerns the way the service provider deals with the customer and finally the service outcome, this is the result for the customer of the service (in particular, the benefits provided, the resulting emotions and assessment of value for money). (Robert Johnston Graham Clark, 2008, p 42). An example of a successful on-going business in terms of ideas, theories, concepts and techniques is a company called Metso, they are global supplier of technology and services to customers in the process industries, including mining construction, pulp and paper, power, oil and gas. Their service concept consists of; performance services, this increases product efficiency, optimises quality and improves environmental performance; availability services, this maximises asset availability and optimises total life-cycle costs of assets and finally engineering services, this helps complete projects on time and within budget, also helps maintain and develop competency of personnel. (Metso automation, 2010) Another example is Alton Towers, Organising idea: A great day out at a theme park. Service experience: exhilarating and entertaining, large car parks range of food outlets, good souvenir shops etc. Service outcome: Lots of rides, Great day out, Full day out etc (Robert Johnston Graham Clark, 2008, p 43) One other example is letsgototurkey.com, they categories their service concept into three parts: firstly, before purchase- this is when the company offers information about the region and property portfolio, provides flight information and pick up service from the airport. Secondly, during purchase- this is when they provide full information about the area and buying procedures, and also organising all procedures such as opening a bank account, translator and preparing all necessary paperwork. Finally, after purchase- assisting with registration of utilities, recommending the best shops around, helping with insurance and applying for a residence permit. Furthermore, the company has another option called property care, in which membership holders can benefit from certain things while they are away such as bills being paid, taxes being paid routine security checks are made and they also deal with relevant companies for insurance, maintenance, engineering etc. (Letsgototurkey.com, 2012) Contribute to the development of a business (benefit) Limitation Service concept profiling Purpose The service concept can also be used as a strategic tool, the service concept profiling tool is simply a diagnostic tool that will help an organisation to analyse its service concept. It is merely a tool that can give an organisation a visual representation of their service concept, by doing this, a service organisation can decide whether they need to change their service concept in view of what the competitors are doing/achieving, so as a tool it can provide a basis for a new service concept. The service concept can be used to create organisational alignment by developing a shared understanding and making it explicit (Robert Johnston Graham Clark, 2008, p 65). Managers can also assess the implications of design changes using capability mapping. Furthermore developing a service concept can create differentiated services and drive strategic advantage. An example of a business using a service concept profiling is 4sl consulting, their profiling method identifies an organisations maturity and effectiveness through; effective management and governance for delivering IT change; service life cycle management from strategy through operations and continuous service improvements; cost transparency for service pricing and charge back. The company finds these results through one-to-one meetings or via workshops, each with a robust and comprehensive assessment method. Service profiling results in an initial set of gaps, issues and constraints prepared alongside an action plan to bring immediate benefits. (4sl consulting, 2012) Application Contribute to the development of a business (benefit) Limitation With regard to limitations with regard to the service concept profiling tool, it is only a tool and as such it is a good starting place and may indicate to an organisation what element of the service concept may need to change, but does not take into consideration external factors such as what is happening in the macroeconomic environment. It also does not take into consideration the change management activities that follow on from changing the service concept. Suggestions Further, I would suggest that it might be critical to get the customer involved in profiling and i am not sure that organisations actually do this. The SERVQUAL model Various service quality models have been developed to measure service quality through firms in many businesses. Due to its relation with customer satisfaction it is very important to review service quality models. Moreover service quality has had a major impact on practitioners, managers and researchers because of its results in customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and company profitability. The most commonly known measuring tool in terms of service quality in the development of a successful business to reach success is an instrument called SERVQUAL. This model was developed by Parasuraman et al (1985; 1988). The research based on this instrument has been used in marketing literature and also used in various industries in terms of the variety of factors which influence and contribute towards the development of a successful business. Along with Parasuraman, Zeithmal and Berry, these three authors made substantial contribution to the understanding the concept of service quality and the factors that influence it. The SERVQUAL model has been productively used for measuring service quality in many service businesses. It has been used inmany contexts for example, service quality in hospitals, telecommunications, insurance companies etc. They originally identified four gaps in the organisation that can cause quality problems. These quality problems cause a fifth gap, which is difference between customer expectations of service and perceptions of the service actually received. (Jusuf Zekiri, 2011) The SERVQUAL Model has five dimensions which are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. If these dimensions remain constant this will unlock the door to consumer loyalty and provide outstanding levels of quality consumer care service within the service organization. However, not all dimensions are equal due to the fact that some dimensions are more towards the high levels of importance within the service organization as oppose to the other dimensions All dimensions are important to customers, but some more than others. Service providers need to know which are which to avoid majoring in minors. At the same time they cant focus on only one dimension and let the others suffer (Chris Arlen, 2008). An example of a a sector using the SERVQUAL model is Mobile Telecommunication Limitation Conclusion In conclusion These factors, theories and techniques collectively are part of the essential elements in terms of reaching the relevant necessary internal aims and objectives set, which help build, develop and improve an existing successful service organisation.50%of businesses dont survive within the first few years so its absolutely critical that service organisations grow and flourish in exceptional high levels of quality they deliver. Performance targets must be smart, measurable, achievable, realistic and time constrained In regards to the SERVQUAL model, it is an extensively used tool to assess external service quality, it can also be modified to assess the quality of the internal service provided by departments within a company to employees in other departments.

Intern Essay -- essays research papers

HSBC- we are the world's local bank The Business/Organization The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China. The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then working for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realized that there was considerable demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and on the China coast and he helped to establish the bank which opened in Hong Kong in March 1865 and in Shanghai a month later. Soon after its formation the bank opened agencies and branches around the world. Although that network reached as far as Europe and North America, the emphasis was on building up representation in China and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. HSBC was a pioneer of modern banking practices in a number of countries. In Japan, where a branch was established in 1866, the bank acted as adviser to the government on banking and currency. In 1888, it was the first bank to be established in Thailand, where it printed the country ¡Ã‚ ¦s first banknotes. From the outset trade finance was a strong feature of the local and international business of the bank, an expertise that has been recognized throughout its history. Bullion, exchange, merchant banking and note issuing also played an important part. By the 1880s, the bank was acting as banker to the Hong Kong government and also participated in the management of British government accounts in China, Japan, Penang and Singapore. In 1874 the bank handled China ¡Ã‚ ¦s first public loan and thereafter issued most of China ¡Ã‚ ¦s public loans. By the end of the century, after a strong period of growth and success under the leadership of Thomas Jackson (chief manager for most of that period from 1876 to 1902), the bank was the foremost financial institution in Asia. Today with its headquarters in London, HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial service organizations in the world. HSBC's international network comprises over 9,800 offices in 77 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. With listings on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris and Bermuda stock exchanges, shares in HSBC Holdings are held by nearly 200,000 shareholders in some 10... ... learning experience for me and I have enjoyed every minute of it. What I liked most probably were the people that I worked with. Without a fun group of people at work, work is not going to be an enjoyable place to go for you. The people here have been great and have helped me out in every way that I needed. What I liked the least was probably having do to a lot of the same everyday. After a while it got kind of repetitious but I didn ¡Ã‚ ¦t mind it that much, just would have liked to do some various things here and there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience in a way has affected my career choice. I would love to continue to work for a company such as HSBC and they are giving me every opportunity to as I have applied for about 5-6 positions already within the company ranging from Chicago down to Charlotte. This internship has made me more focused on my career now and it has showed me that I can do much more. I graduate from college in December and would love to have a job locked up by the time I get out. I know through hard work and having patience, I will be able to do so. I am glad that I was able to work here and would love to continue my young career here at HSBC.

Mancuse Illustrations

Today technology has taken over just about every aspect of our daily lives. According to some this is a good thing because it makes our lives easier and more efficient. For others it is not so great for some of the same reasons that its proponents support it. Technology, and more specifically technological progress have lead us down a road full of contradictions, which is especially true in the area of liberty. It has programmed us to believe that there is another set of primary needs that join the likes of food, clothing, and shelter. If we continue down this road there will come a day when the wireless phone will join this list. Has there been an increase in the scope of societies control over the individual by way of technology? I believe, as does Mancuse, that as opposed to controlling social forces by way of terror, which was used in totalitarian governments of the past, we now use technology. How is technology used to accomplish this? Technology promises greater efficiency and an increased standard of living. These are two things that cause us to become slaves, because things are never efficient enough and we always want more money. Therefore, we can begin to see how in our society the technical apparatus becomes totalitarian. Mancuse illustrates this point by explaining how technology determines not only the socially needed occupations, skills, but also â€Å"individual needs and aspirations.† It is one thing for socially needed occupations to be affected; however, when our private existence threatened the issue becomes totally different. Does technical progress destroy the opposition between public and private existence? I would say that it most certainly does. Our private space has been attacked and arguably destroyed. Mancuse argues that due to the effects of mass production and scientific management we react in a mechanical fashion. This is perhaps most evident the way that technical progress manipulates our â€Å"needs†. Simply because progress is made, it does not mean that it has become a fundamental need. Mancuse breaks up our needs into both true and false. The false needs are the ones that are being imposed on the individual by particular social interests. One might argue that we should be able to distinguish between the two. However, this is very difficult when they are seen as â€Å"desirable and necessary to the prevailing societal institutions and interests.† As the title of the book suggests we are becoming, if we are not already, one-dimensional. We are losing our private self. We can only operate in a way that has been manipulated through the exploitation of technical progress. How does technology promote social control? â€Å"Social control is anchored in the new needs which it has produced.† In addition to this statement we can also look to one of the greatest of all evils, the division of labor. The division of labor turns the individual into a mere cog in the great machine that is our society. There is no better example of the mechanization of the human being. There is no soul in this type of system, which means that there can be no true gratification. Furthermore, it creates a sense of everyone having to be the same, which is exactly how people are controlled. Any type of refusal to go along with the group is looked down upon, causing some to simply get back in line and others to feel impotent. This is further proof that we have lost our private space. Is technology acting independently? Mancuse argues that one-dimensional thought is â€Å"systematically promoted by the makers of politics and their purveyors of mass information.† I believe that what Mancuse is trying to get at here and in the rest of the chapter is that this closing of a dimension is being done behind our backs. For example, the American Revolution occurred because of the colonists feeling that they were being treated unfairly. They knew that they were not properly represented in parliament so they reacted. In the case of losing a dimension things become much more abstract. We have been and continue to be duped by the makers of politics. Unfortunately, these people are not operating in a way that provokes revolution as opposed to the actions of Great Britain towards the colonies. Overall, I believe that we as an industrialized society have tricked. Tricked into believing that we need certain things. Tricked into giving up our private selves. Tricked into allowing technology to dominate us. Most of us have truly become one-dimensional men. There is no longer a distinction between public and private because we all act the same. We are just parts of a machine that could not work without us, but we are blind to what has happened because it was all done in a way that does not provoke.

Improve Concentration Essay

It is mostly due to peer pressure. In such a situation, parents are often seen questioning the counsellors as what can be done to encourage their child to concentrate and also have good social skills at the same time. Well, here are a few answers. The key to having good concentration is being smart. The child should be smart enough to concentrate while having fun. This can be done in many ways. While in class, if he/she is finding it hard to concentrate, here are a few tips they can adopt in order to improve their concentration skills. . Sit in the front row. Sitting in the front row helps you steer away from distractions like speaking to your friends, whispering or even passing notes. The closer you sit to the teacher, the better you understand. 2. Participate in class. The people who concentrate, know that the key to good concentration is participation. Ask questions, start a discussion, debate with the teacher. It might sound to be geeky, but once you get the hang of it, it’s hard to get out. It is a lot of fun and you also learn extra. . Strategize your notes. Jotting down the points the teacher says is something which every child in class does. Don’t be stereotypical. Don’t make notes, instead make learning strategies. It’s fun and at the same time it’ll make you stand out and you also will be entitled to think out of the box. 4. Turn off your phone. Having a phone is a major distraction. In class, make sure your phone is turned off. Don’t cheat yourself by profiling it to vibrate or silent. Turn it off, be honest to yourself. Nothing will jar your concentration more than getting a text from your friend during a class. 5. Get some good breakfast. It can be really hard to concentrate when your stomach is growling away the hunger. It’s hard to concentrate on what is being taught when you’re raiding a buffet in your mind. Make sure you eat a healthy breakfast. But ensure that you don’t fill your stomach to an extent where it will make you sleepy. 6. Have props while studying. Having a prop to play with while studying can make studying so much fun. For example : If you are studying about the earth, have a globe in your hand. Turn it around, see where the countries are located, play with the globe. This will make studying easier. 7. Use gadgets for studying. If you are bored of using the same old paper and books, use e-books. Buy an iPad or simply make notes on your laptop. 8. Have group study parties. Invite a bunch of friends over to your house and call it a â€Å"study party†. This not only sounds cool but is also beneficial. It will help you to study and will also improve your social status. But all you have to ensure is that you actually study with those friends and not just waste time in talking, dancing and playing around. 9. Exercise everyday. Yoga and meditation is the best way of improving one’s concentration skills. Even 10 minutes of meditation will calm your mind and will help you concentrate with a clear mind. I have been practicing these tips for a long time. And it has helped me achieve a lot of things in my life. I suggest the readers to follow these guidelines and be successful in your life.

Concert Review essays

Concert Review essays When I found out I had to attend a concert, I wanted to try a get into a L.A. Philharmonic concert. I wanted to attend a performance in the new Disney Hall because I figured that I would probably not be interested in attending any more concerts in my lifetime. I wanted to at least experience a grand concert with a full orchestra playing the kind of music I had been recently studying. When I went to look for tickets, I was surprised and shocked to see the tickets that were left cost three hundred dollars. I eventually found a concert at the Norton Simon Museum for a lot less and covered two composers that I would be studying. I was excited and expected to see and hear a full orchestra for the first time. As I got out of my car and walked down the walkway to the entrance, I saw French Impressionists statues. And, as I walked through the glass door entrance, I was amazed to see a huge beautiful Cambodian statue. To the left of the museum, I was able to walk through different rooms to admire French, Cambodian, and European sculptures and art. As I walked into the concert hall, I was a little disappointed at the size. It was a very small room. On the stage I saw four chairs along with two tables draped with black Cambodian tablecloths. On top of those tables was a row of crystal wine glasses. At this point, I knew I was not going to see a full orchestra. In front of the stage I also saw two standing speakers, which really raised my curiosity. When I read the program I realized I was going to see a string quartet playing George Crumbs, Black Angels and Steve Reichs, Different Trains. As the string quartet began Crumbs piece, I felt a very eerie feeling. Since the strings were amplified, it felt like the music was transformed and jumped out at me. The music was very dissonant and had no melody. Although the music had this conflicting sound, I was very engaged with the player...

Describe the causes, events, and consequences of the Salem Witch Essay

Describe the causes, events, and consequences of the Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example In truth the Salem witch trials involved accusations of witchcraft, which is essentially perceived as devil worship, by people against their neighbors, family members, and friends. There were no witches in Salem Massachusetts casting spells or harming people. In fact, in took very little to earn an accusation as a witch, but surviving such an accusation is a whole other story. The Salem Witch Trials represent the power of fear and false accusations that can consume an entire community until it turned itself inside out. The era of the Salem Witch Trials is a time period that would have been rather frightening to be living in. Salem Massachusetts in the late 1600s had been through a great deal of hardship. There was rampant disease, poor harvests, and a number of Indian attacks that was making people fearful and on edge all of the time. With all of this unpleasantness the atmosphere was ripe for some kind of violent outburst in response. It all began in 1692 in the home of Reverend Sam uel Parris. Whose daughter had begun having seizures or spasms, suffering delusions, and had fallen in to a strange trance-like state. It was the doctor that examined her that brought him the side effects of witchcraft as a cause. He suggested that Betty Parris was either a practitioner of the dark craft or a victim of it.1 All of the girls who were companions of Betty, Mary Warren and Abigail Williams, admitted that they had danced and carried on in the woods under the encouragement of Tituba, the Parris’s foreign servant. Soon enough all of the girls, including Tituba are accused of witchcraft; but to save themselves they confess and ask forgiveness. They begin behaving as if other witches and the devil, himself, were attempting to punish them and torment them because they no longer wished to serve the devil. Soon enough this group of girls began naming names of, mostly woman in the community who may be witches. The Courts were established to try those accused. From here it is important to mention that most people associate the events in the story of the Salem Witch Trials through the play the â€Å"The Crucible, â€Å"by Arthur Miller. However, his work changed certain elements for dramatic effect that strayed from the true history a bit. For example, Miller portrays Tituba as more of a slave of African descent. In truth, Tituba was an Indian from the island of Barbados. Another major plot in the â€Å"The Crucible† is the love affair between Abigail Williams and John Proctor, a respected citizen of Salem. It is Proctor’s spurning of Abigail’s attention that caused her to turn on him and accuse his wife of witchcraft. However, in reality, Abigail Williams was only 12 years old; there is no verifiable historical proof that there was any relationship at all between Abigail and John Proctor. This as part of the cause of the trials is only an invention of the theatre.2 However, there are 4 specific reasons that can be attributed to the cause of the Salem Witch Trials. â€Å"Religious hysteria† is one of these theories. The Puritans were a very devout sect, who believed fully that both God and the Devil can play interactive roles in the lives of mortal men. The idea that witchcraft and devil worship was rampant in their town would have been terrifying for many of the residents. Another theory suggests that it may have begun with a legitimate illness, but not one caused by the Devil. Rye poisoning was a possible culprit. The consumption of it acts like LSD on the system and could produce

The current state of coastal process research and the drivers for the Essay

The current state of coastal process research and the drivers for the future - Essay Example The coastal system is a large process that revolves anything in or around coastal areas. The coast is the part of the land adjoining or near the ocean. A coastline is properly, a line on a map indicating the disposition of a coast but the word is often used to refer to the coast itself. According to Carter " the definition of a coast is something being on, near or having to do with a coast". The beach is a large protion of this system. The beach can be defined as the zone above the water line at a shore of a body of water. A beach is discernible because of the accumulation of stone, sand and/or gravel that the tide or waves deposited. It is important to keep in mind that when referring to the coast it should be thought of as a very specific definitioncoast is a very specific efinition. When using the word coast it should only be used when it is applied to the part of an island or a continent that borders an ocean or its saltwater tributatires. (Carter 1988) There are different kinds of coasts that can be referred to. One of these is a pelagic coast. A pelagic coast is a coast which fronts the open ocean. A pelagic coast differs from a coat that I more sheltered such as in a gul or a bay. Do not confuse a coast with a shore. A shore refers to areas of the land which are connected to any large body of water. A shore includes oceans and is called a sea shore, and a shore can adjoin with a lake then it is called a lakeshore. When referring to a river it is is called a bank rather than a coast or a shore. . However, this discussion I concerned only with coastal systems. RECENT PAST &CURENT RESEARCH: Coastal systems are of interest throughout the world. New observation and coastal research centres are being implemented in the United Kingdom (UK) as well as all through the world. This is because there is great interest in the status of the coastal systems due to environmental reasons and because all there is to be known about the coastal process is now known. While there is a great deal of data, available, everyday researchers and scientists find new information that will help in the field of coastal systems science. The new centres and programs that are being installed throughout the world, as well as the ones that currently exist, are being implemented to supply the data and knowledge necessary to forecast physical, chemical and biological changes that occur in coastal and open-ocean ecosystems. (Gubbay 1990) Current research has advanced the instrumentation, communications and modelling capabilities for coastal systems research. These advances have led to the advancement in prediction systems for the coastal areas of the world. These prediction capabilities are important because if success the prediction system will be able to predict certain phenomena-or predict it more accurately. This coastal phenomenon includes flooding and coastal erosion, oxygen depletion due to eutrophication and other potentially harmful to the coastal systems phenomena. (Gubbay 1990) In 1998 a series of studies conducted by Coastal Research of Plymouth, UK revealed new information about open