The Ancient Spartans Had a Murderous Secret Police

If 300 taught us anything, its that the Spartans were a hardy and courageous group. But they werent the nicest to their own people, punishing young people brutally for infractions, and even utilizing the youth as a secret service! Meet the krypteia, a sort of Hitler Youth of Sparta. When a Training Procedure Goes Really,  Really Wrong According to ancient sources, the krypteia were as vicious as they came. Its members were chosen for their discretion and probably their hardiness, intelligence, and resourcefulness. As Plato has Megillus recount in his  Laws,  Spartan youths underwent training, widely prevalent amongst us, in hardy endurance of pain in the form of beatings, but it was the krypteia that was the most brutal of all. That kind of work was a wonderfully severe training. So what was their deal? Apparently, the idea for the krypteia mightve come from the  laws of Lycurgus,  the king of Spartan legalese; his reforms were, according to  Plutarch,  efficacious in producing valour, but defective in producing righteousness.   Writes Plutarch: I certainly cannot ascribe to Lycurgus so abominable a measure as the ‘krypteia,’ judging of his character from his mildness and justice in all other instances. Over time, the krypteia  evolved  from a form of uber-advanced fitness training to a sort-of-secret  guerrilla  force. The group appears to have had some representation in the mainstream Spartan army, as well; in Plutarchs  Cleomenes, a fellow named Damocles is given the title of commander of the secret service contingent. But  Damoteles doesnt get  the greatest rep - he was bribed to betray his own people to  the enemy - and the people he represented seem to have been even worse. The organization of the krypteia seems to have been in direct opposition to the regular hoplites in  the Spartan army, as if the very way it was set up made it different of special. The hoplites were organized, fought in a phalanx, and worked as a team; in contrast, the krypteia fought in secret, went out in  irregular groups and missions, and stayed away from Sparta proper, working and living on  the frontier. The Bad,  the Worst, and the  Really Ugly As Plutarch tells it, the Spartan leaders would periodically send the young men of the krypteia out into the country at large. What for, you might ask? The young soldiers would hide themselves until they came across groups of people called helots.  At night, they came down into the highways and killed every Helot whom they caught. Even during the day, the krypteia massacred  the helots working in the fields. The  Ephors, the leaders of Sparta, made formal declaration of war upon the helots, in order that there might be no impiety in slaying them. Perhaps, as some scholars have theorized, serving in the krypteia allows soldiers to practice stealth and cunning .But what the krypteia did was basically state-sanctioned massacre! Who were the helots? Why did the Spartan magistrates commission their young warriors to kill them? The helots were serfs owned by the Spartan state, basically slaves; the Roman historian Livy claims that they were a race of rustics, who have been feudal vassals even from the earliest times.  The krypteia was a force the government utilized to keep the helots in their place,  according  to Brandon D. Ross.  Aristotle discusses the helots in his  Politics, saying that the mere necessity of policing a serf class is an irksome burden. What freedoms do you give them? How much leeway  should  they get? he asks. The relationship between the Spartans and the helots was fractious at best. Once upon a time, the people of Spartan-ruled Messenia and the helots revolted against the Lacedaemonian lords. They took  advantage of the chaos that ensued after the earthquakes of 464 B.C., but that didnt work, and the Spartans kept up their cruel treatment.   How else did the Spartans torture the helots? Heres our pal Plutarch: For instance, they would force them to drink too much strong wine, and then introduce them into their public messes, to show the young men what a thing drunkenness was. They also ordered them to sing songs and dance dances that were low and ridiculous, but to let the nobler kind alone. The Spartan torture of the Helots wasnt a one-time thing. On one occasion, Livy recounts how, being charged with an intention to desert, they were driven with stripes through all the streets, and put to death. Another time, two thousand helots mysteriously disappeared in a possible act of genocide; then, on a different occasion, a bunch of helots were suppliants at the minor Temple of Poseidon Taenarius, but were seized from that sacred spot. That kind of sacrilege - violating the sanctuary of a temple - was as awful as it got; the right of asylum was a truly valued one. Shame on Sparta!

Women Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement - 2163 Words

Women organizers in the Civil Rights movement (1950s-1960s) Women have always been regarded as key parental figure in raising and developing children in the society. During the period of 1950 to 1970, many parts of the world were marred with civil rights movement. The movements were characterized with protests and civil resistance complaining about discrimination economic and political self sufficiency. Women took up the initiative to participate in these movements. This situation later led to serious confrontation between government authorities and activists. Thousands of people took part in the civil right movement of that period especially in the United States. The key leaders of the campaign, include; Martin Luther King,†¦show more content†¦She is believed to have started the main struggle of these civil rights movement. She experienced difficulty in completing her education due to the strict regulations for the black children. The black children were meant to study for only five moths in a year and the rest of the year th ey spent time in the cotton fields as laborers. Rosa graduated from high school after she got married to Raymond parks[7]. This sparked her efforts to fight racial injustice. She joined National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Montgomery chapter as the only woman. She was very instrumental member of this organization and was elected secretary. Her active involvement in National Association of Advanced Colored People led to her arrest on 1955[8]. Rosa’s life as an African American continued to face challenges. The mistreatment she received from the whites while she was in a bus made her to launch a huge boycott of using Montgomery buses by the Afro-Americans. She decided to organize this boycott after she got arrested for refusing to give out her seat to a white passenger in the bus. The boycott lasted for 381 days prompting her to be absorbed by the Montgomery Improvement Association which was formed by Martin Luther King Jr[9]. This act of boycott was follo wed by a series of escalating protest, movements and insurgencies by African Americans. During the time for boycott Rosa coordinated for the blacks to get rides from car poolShow MoreRelatedWomen Organizers in the Civil Rights Movement2170 Words   |  9 PagesWomen organizers in the Civil Rights movement (1950s-1960s) Women have always been regarded as key parental figure in raising and developing children in the society. During the period of 1950 to 1970, many parts of the world were marred with civil rights movement. The movements were characterized with protests and civil resistance complaining about discrimination economic and political self sufficiency. Women took up the initiative to participate in these movements. This situation laterRead MoreEssay On Martha Prescod Norman Noonan1515 Words   |  7 PagesNonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) during the Civil Rights Movement. Noonan’s most notable achievements include raising money for SNCC, canvassing votes with the Albany Project, working on the Alabama Project, and contributing to Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Account by Women in SNCC. Biographical Information Martha Prescod Norman Noonan was born on February 25, 1945 in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of activists (Civil Rights History Project). Noonan’s father, who is of West-IndianRead MoreGrace Kirby. Trahan. English 8. 3/22/17. Elizabeth Cady904 Words   |  4 PagesFight for Women’s Rights In the early 1800 s women were expected to stay in the home and care for the children. They were not allowed to vote or own property. The women were also expected to care for their husband’s needs. 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To say the fight for black civil rights was a grassroots movement of ordinary people who accomplishedRead MoreWhat Was the Story Behind Mississippi Burning?755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mississippi civil rights workers murders involved the 1964 lynching of three political activists during the American Civil Rights Movement. The murders of James Chaney, a 21-year-old black man from Meridian, Mississippi; Andrew Goodman, a 20-year-old white Jewish anthropology student from New York; and Michael Schwerner, a 24-year-old white Jewish CORE organizer and former social worker also from New York, symbolized the risks of participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South duringRead MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Sixties Counterculture1532 Words   |  7 Pagessixties counterculture movement were successful at awakening awareness on many causes that are being fought in modern American discourse. If not for the Revolution that the hippies began, political or social reform and the Peoples voice would be decades behind. While the hippie movement has subsided, as it became too cool and entrenched in mainstream society, the spirit of the Hippies lives on, as their work was only the framework for decades of reform to come. Civil Rights The work that hippiesRead MoreAngela Davis and Feminism Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesactivist/ organizer, author, professor, and scholar who defends any form of oppression. She was born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, AL to Frank and Sally Davie. Both of her parents are graduates of historically black colleges. Her father attended St. Augustine’s College in Raleigh, North Carolina and became a high school teacher. Sally Davis attended Mile College in Birmingham, AL and became an elementary school teacher. Angela Davis’ mother was heavily involved in civil rights movement in the 1960sRead MoreSummary Of The Warmth Of Other Suns 1223 Words   |  5 Pagesposition to a white counterpart. In Made in LA, the filmmaker documents the strike organizers home life and experiences in the sweatshop, their reason for participating in the sweatshop strike, and how the three year-long strike affected their lives and perspectives. Maura, one of the sweatshop workers and organizers, left her children in El Salvador whom she had not seen for over fifteen years. Another organizer, Maria, left Mexico and faced domestic abuse in her marriage, by the end of the strikeRead MoreFrederick Douglass And The Fight For Women s Suffrage1357 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved that women too were people and deserved all of the rights a man was given. He believed this because black men were previously apart from the equality of all men, and they too should be apart in gaining this equality for all. Douglass, along with other strong willed women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, among others, they became the forefront of Women’s Suffrage in the 1848 Convention on Woman’s Rights at Seneca Falls. After the Civil War grantingRead MoreThe Importance Of The Civil Rights Movement1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe civil rights movement come into being in the middle of the twentieth century. The push came from African Americans who did not get the same rights as the whites such as equal access to public amenities, equal chances in education, job recruitment and housing, the right to vote and freedom from racial discrimination. The movement was fighting to bring back the right of citizenship to the African Americans after its erosion by segregationist jim crow law. It further led to the reemergence of the

Barbara buyer memo Free Essays

I was told about the details of your situation. I am aware that you want to bring a lawsuit against Sam salesperson and the seller. I have done some research and gathered the following information for you. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbara buyer memo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ethical issues involved in your situation include violation of full disclosure, unfair practices, and breech of contract. Sam Salesperson failed to disclose to the seller that you requested an extension of the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson Intentionally let time lapse to void your contract in order to accept a higher offer. There are several causes of action in your case. You may bring action against the seller and Sam Salesperson based on a breach of contract. Because you had an agreement with the seller. There was a lack of communication between the salesperson and seller. There are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not Intending to let the timeline for the earnest payment lapse. You also have grounds for negligent misrepresentation based on a breach of fiduciary duty to you. You may request that the judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and seller before the higher offer was discovered. You had a contract agreement with the leer to purchase real estate which was breached when the seller accepted the higher offer. You also had a contract with the salesperson which was breached when you failed to pay the earnest money by the deadline. Even though Sam salesperson failed to notify the seller of your request for extension you are the one who breached the contract since there was never a stipulation extending the time for you to pay. A contract is created at law when there is a mutual exchange of promises upon reasonably understandable terms and conditions. A contract does not have to be reduced to writing in order to be enforceable† (ass) http://www. Us. Deed/counsel/ brief/contractions. HTML Remedies: You may request damages which would be measured by the difference in the price stated in your contract to buy the re al estate and the price of the higher price it was sold for. Rescission and restitution in order to cancel the contract with the subsequent buyer and pay restitution as punitive damages for time lost. Elements of a contract: Offer, acceptance, and consideration. The breach of contract is when one party Involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract provided. RE-28-1 101 . Dunes to Client A. A licensee owes a fiduciary duty to the client and shall protect and promote the client’s Interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a transaction. Barbara buyer memo By fruitychick2000 the earnest money payment, and did not tell you this. Sam Salesperson intentionally are grounds for fraud here based on Sam Salesperson not intending to let the the Judge rescind the purchase contract as you had a contract with salesperson and involved failed to fully or adequately perform the duty the contract provided. RE-28-1101. Dunes to Client client’s interests. The licensee shall also deal fairly with all other parties to a How to cite Barbara buyer memo, Papers

Play in Learning Environments

Question: Discuss about the Play in Learning Environments. Answer: When asked to recall personal memories of play I remember many of these moments shared were mostly with my younger brothers and sisters. Wickerius and Sandberg (2006) studies found that many persons childhood play memories are those remembered playing with siblings rather than individual play. Media can also influence play (Sandberg and Vuorinen, 2008) our old Volkswagen (Herbie) which we named from the movie, a memory related to our time spent at Granddads farm. I engaged in adult role play (Bruce, 1996) because I put my seatbelt on pretending to drive while making vehicle sounds, turning the steering wheel and pressing on the horn. Opportunities for play are significantly dependent on the social, cultural, pedagogical and physical environment (Sandberg, 2003). When our father purchased a new investment property, it became a time for new exploration and searching through materials which the previous occupants had left behind. I always had an abundance of timber off cuts used to construct cubby houses, benches and anything else we could invent. Living with the weather conditions at Brisbane allowed for many opportunities to include water in our play.I remember making mud pies developing my understanding of the adult world (Tuan, 1978) because I was pretending that I was cooking like my mother. My favourite memory of all was being covered in mud from the mud fights shared with my brothers and sister, see figure 1. Figure 1: Mud fights with my brothers and sister In the segment, I intend to identify and analyze the theories and relate them with the play experience of the childhood setting. In the book by Fleer, the author Marilyn Fleer adumbrates and explains the history of play in international context and in nascent education period. As indicated by Marilyn Fleer (2013), the concept play is tantamount to early childhood education. Based on the foundational research conducted in laboratories, the comprehension of children learning developed with ease. By tracing the roots of our practices, early childhood education gives us an impetus to explore the influences that that have contoured our practice. At the same time, it helps us to assess the current stance. Theories With the help of the classical theories of play, the existing position shall be reviewed. In the book, Play Memories and Place Identity, by Anette Sandberg (2003), the author inspects and elucidates the significance of the physical regions under different arenas of life. The book juxtaposes the place identity with the importance of childhoods play. Relating to the theory, the fond memory that I have shared with my siblings (refer to the figure above) helps to mould my life. The theory suggests that the childhood play memory is instrumental in shaping the adult life. Sociocultural Influence Early scholars aim to consider the learning of children through play. In order to underscore learning from the perspective of play, it is indispensable to become an excellent observer of play. While observing play, it is important to consider varied aspects that influence the reading. It is important to capitalize on certain questions while deliberating on the study of childrens play. At the same time, one should make an outline of sociocultural teaching and learning philosophy. Relating to that context, it is significant to comprehend the profundity of Vygotskys Sociocultural-Historical theory. The theory puts an emphasis on the development of children (Smagorinsky, 2011). The theory aims to study the play of children as formenting concepts. It also analyzes the role of children in the socio-cultural setting. As indicated by my reflective essay, the socio-cultural setting of Brisbane (the place mentioned in the essay) gives me an opportunity to explore innate playing skills. At the same time, it helps me to build some essential traits that made me incredibly energetic and dynamic. Learning Environment The segment discusses the influence of learning environment on the study of childrens play. The crux of the matter is how does the environment bolster learning? It is essential to comprehend the changing dynamic between theory and environment. As far as the teaching-learning relationship is concerned, listening forms the basis of teaching-learning nexus that emphasises teaching (Strong-Wilson et al., 2007). The time is an important aspect, inasmuch it influences the complex play episodes. Time is essential, as it helps to formulate the play schedule and gives an enthralling insight into the adventure. In my reflective essay, I have mentioned about my play story with my siblings. The play started to begin in the sultry months of summer, as I had used an amalgam of mud and water during play. Therefore, environment influences the teaching-learning nexus, as far as childhood play is concerned. Reference Fleer, M. (2013). Play in the early years. Cambridge University Press. Sandberg, A. (2003). Play memories and place identity. Early child development and care, 173(2-3), 207-221. Smagorinsky, P. (2011). Vygotsky's stage theory: The psychology of art and the actor under the direction of perezhivanie. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 18(4), 319-341. Strong-Wilson, T. Ellis, J. (2007). Children and Place: Reggio Emilia's Environment as Third Teacher, Theory Into Practice, 46(1), 4047